Contents
Maps
Preface
About the Authors
Credits
1. A Small, Far-Off Land
Historical Sketch
Why Study the Greeks?
Who Were the Greeks?
The Structure of This Book: History, Culture, and Society
Key Terms
Further Reading
2. Country and People
Greek Geography, Climate, and Agriculture
Demography
Migration
Health and Disease
Nutrition
Economic Growth in Ancient Greece
Key Terms
Further Reading
3. The Greeks at Home
Gender Relationships: Ideals and Realities
Sexuality
Adults and Children
Key Terms
Further Reading
4. The Greeks Before History, 12,000-1200 B.C.
The End of the Last Ice Age, 12,000-11,000 B.C.
The Origins of Agriculture, 11,000-5000 B.C.
Greeks and Indo-Europeans
Neolithic Society and Economy, 5000-3000 B.C.
The Early Bronze Age, 3000-2300 B.C.
The Middle Bronze Age, 2300-800 B.C.
The Age of Minoan Palaces, 2000-600 B.C.
The Rise of Mycenaean Greece, 1750-500 B.C.
The End of Minoan Civilization, 1600-1400 B.C.
Mycenaean Greece: Archaeology, Linear B, and Homer
The End of the Bronze Age, circa 200 B.C.
Key Terms
Further Reading
5. The Dark Age, 1200-800 B.C.
The Collapse of the Old States
Life Among the Ruins
Dark Age Heroes
Art and Trade in the Dark Age
The Eighth-Century Renaissance: Economy
The Eighth-Century Renaissance: Society
The Eighth-Century Renaissance: Culture
Conclusion
Key Terms
Further Reading
6. Homer
The Homeric Question
Milman Parry and Oral Poetry
The Oral Poet in Homer
Heinrich Schliemann and the Trojan War
The Tragic Iliad
Homer and the Invention of Plot
The Comic Odyssey
Odysseus and Homer
Key Terms
Further Reading
7. Religion and Myth
Definitions of Religion and Myth
Hesiod’s Myth of the Origin of the Gods
Greek Religion in History
Forms of Greek Religious Practice
Hesiod’s Myth of Sacrifice
Gods and Other Mysterious Beings
Chthonic Religion
The Ungrateful Dead and the Laying of the Ghost
Ecstatic and Mystical Religion
Conclusion
Key Terms
Further Reading
8. Ancient Greece, 800-480 B.C.: Economy, Society, Politics
Government by Oligarchy
Elite Culture
The Tyrants
The Structure of Archaic States
Conclusion
Key Terms
Further Reading
9. The Archaic Cultural Revolution, 700-480 B.C.
Natural Philosophy in Miletus
Pythagoras: Philosophy and Social Science in the West
Hecataeus, Herodotus, and Historiê
Lyric poets
Material Culture
Art and Thought in Sixth-Century Greece
Key Terms
Further Reading
10. A Tale of Two Archaic Cities: Sparta and Athens, 700-480 B.C.
Sparta
Spartiates, Perioikoi, and Helots
Plutarch’s Sparta
Spartan Government
Athens
The Seventh-Century Crisis
Solon
Pisistratus and the Consequences of Solon’s Reforms
Dêmokratia
Athens Submits to Persia
Key Terms
Further Reading
11. Persia and the Greeks, 550-490 B.C.
Empires of the Ancient Near East
Lydia
Cyrus and the Rise of Persia, 559—530 B.C.
Cambyses and Darius, 530—52 B.C.
Persia’s Northwest Frontier and the Ionian Revolt, 52—494 B.C.
The Battle of Marathon, 490 B.C.
Key Terms
Further Reading
12. The Great War, 480-479 B.C.
Storm Clouds in the West
Storm Clouds in the East
The Storm Breaks in the West: The Battle of Himera, 480 B.C.
The Storm Breaks in the East: The Battle of Thermopylae, 480 B.C.
The Fall of Athens
The Battle of Salamis
The End of the Storm: Battles of Plataea and Mycale, 479 B.C.
Conclusion
Key Terms
Further Reading
13. Democracy and Empire; Athens and Syracuse, 479-431 B.C.
The Expansion of the Syracusan State, 479—461 B.C.
The Western Democracies, 461—433 B.C.
Economic Growth in Western Greece, 479—433 B.C. Cimon and the Creation of the Athenian Empire, 478—461 B.C.
The First Peloponnesian War, 460—446 B.C.
Pericles and the Consolidation of Athenian Power, 446—433 B.C.
Economic Growth in the Aegean
The Edge of the Abyss, 433—431 B.C.
Key Terms
Further Reading
14. Art and Thought in the Fifth Century B.C.
Philosophy
Material Culture
Key Terms
Further Reading
15. Fifth-Century Drama
Tragedy
The City of Dionysia
The Theater of Dionysus
Narrative Structure
Character and Other Dimensions of Tragedy
Tragic Plots
Conclusion
The Origins of Comedy
The Plots of Old Comedy
The Structures of Old Comedy
Conclusion
Key Terms
Further Reading
16. The Peloponnesian War and Its Aftermath, 431-399 B.C.
The Archidamian War, 431—421 B.C.
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition, 421—413 B.C.
Sicily and the Carthaginian War, 412—404 B.C.
The Ionian War, 412—404 B.C.
Aftermath, 404—399 B.C.
Conclusion
Key Terms
Further Reading
17. The Greeks between Persia and Carthage, 399-360 B.C.
Sparta’s Empire, 404—360 B.C.
Economy, Society, and War
Sparta’s Collapse, 371 B.C.
Anarchy in the Aegean, 371—360 B.C.
Carthage and Syracuse, 404—360 B.C.
The Golden Age of Syracuse, 393—367 B.C.
Anarchy in the West, 367—345 B.C.
Conclusion
Key Terms
Further Reading
18. Greek Culture in the Fourth Century B.C.
Material Culture
Plato
Aristotle
Conclusion
Key Terms
Further Reading
19. The Warlords of Macedon I: Philip II and Alexander the King
Macedonia before Philip II
Philip’s Struggle for Survival, 359—357 B.C.
Philip Consolidates His Position, 357—352 B.C.
Philip Seeks a Greek Peace, 352—346 B.C.
The Struggle for a Greek Peace, 346—338 B.C.
Philip’s End, 338—336 B.C.
Alexander the King
The Conquest of Persia, 334—330 B.C.
Key Terms
Further Reading
20. The Warlords of Macedon II: Alexander the God
The Fall of the Great King Darius, 331-330 B.C.
After the War, 330—324 B.C.
War in India, 327—326 B.C.
The Long March Home, 326—324 B.C.
The Last Days, 324—323 B.C.
Conclusion
Key Terms
Further Reading
21. The Successors to Alexander, 323—220 B.C
The Wars of the Successors, 323—301 B.C
The Hellenistic World after Ipsus
The Seleucid Empire
Ptolemaic Egypt
The Antigonids: Macedonia
Key Terms
Further Reading
22. The Greek Poleis, 323—220 B.C
Impoverishment and Depopulation in Mainland Greece
Athens in Decline
Sparta’s Counterrevolution
The Western Greeks: Agathocles of Syracuse (361—289/8 B.C)
Pyrrhus of Epirus
Hellenistic Society: The Weakening of the Egalitarian Ideal
Conclusion
Key Terms
Further Reading
23. Hellenistic Culture, 323—30 B.C.
Hellenistic Historians
Poetry
Material Culture
Hellenistic Philosophy
Medicine
Quantitative Science in the Hellenistic Age
Conclusion
Key Terms
Further Reading
24. The Coming of Rome, 220—30 B.C.
The Rise of Rome, 753—280 B.C.
Rome, Carthage, and the Western Greeks, 280—200 B.C.
Rome Breaks the Hellenistic Empires, 200—167 B.C.
Consequences of the Wars: The Greeks
Consequences of the Wars: The Romans
New Roman Army
The Agony of the Aegean, 99—70 B.C.
Pompey’s Greek Settlement, 70—62 B.C.
The End of Hellenistic Egypt, 61—30 B.C.
Aftermath
Key Terms
Further Reading
25. Conclusion
The Bronze Age (c. 3000-1200 B.C.; Chapter 4)
The Dark Age (c. 1200-700 B.C.; Chapter 5)
The Archaic Period (c. 700-500 B.C.; Chapters 6-10)
The Classical Period (c. 500-350 B.C.; Chapters 11-18)
The Macedonian Takeover (c. 350-323 B.C.; Chapters 19-22)
The Hellenistic Period (c. 323-30 B.C.; Chapters 23-24)
Conclusion