Water Supply and Pollution Control: Pearson New International Edition

VitalSource eBook

Date de publication

01 novembre 2013

ISBN-13

9781292038483

Ampleur

Nombre de pages de contenu principal : 752

Code interne

1292038489

Protection technique e-livre

DRM

Google Livres Aperçu

Sommaire

Contents

Preface xvii

Chapter 1 Introduction  

1.1   A Historical Perspective  

1.2   A Current Global Issue  

1.3   A Look to the Future  

References  

Chapter 2 Water Resources Planning and Management  

2.1   Environmental Regulation and Protection  

2.2   Security of Water Resources Systems  

2.3   Watershed Management  

2.4   Integrated Watershed Management  

2.5   Role of Geographic Information Systems  

2.6   Conclusions  

Problems

References  

Chapter 3 The Hydrologic Cycle and Natural Water Sources  

3.1   The Hydrologic Cycle  

The Water Budget  

3.2   Mathematics of Hydrology  

3.3   Water Quality  

3.4   Soil Moisture  

Groundwater  

3.5   An Introduction to Groundwater Quantity and Quality  

3.6   The Subsurface Distribution of Water  

3.7   Aquifers  

3.8   Safe Yield of an Aquifer  

3.9   Groundwater Flow  

3.10    Hydraulics of Wells  

3.11    Boundary Effects  

3.12    Regional Groundwater Systems  

3.13    Salt Water Intrusion  

3.14    Groundwater Recharge  

3.15    Concurrent Development of Groundwater and Surface Water Sources  

Surface Water  

3.16    An Introduction to Surface Water Quantity and Quality  

3.17    Surface Water Storage  

3.18    Reservoirs  

3.19    Losses from Storage  

3.20    Impacts of Climate Change on Global Hydrology  

Problems  

References  

Chapter 4 Alternative Sources of Water Supply  

4.1   Water Conservation  

4.2   Wastewater Reuse  

4.3   Stormwater Reuse  

4.4   Brackish and Saline Water Conversion  

4.5   Interbasin Transfers  

4.6   Other Relevant Technologies  

Problems

References  

Chapter 5 Water Use Trends and Forecasting  

5.1   Water-Use Sectors  

5.2   Factors Affecting Water Use  

5.3   Water Use Trends  

5.4   Population  

5.5   Long-Term Water Use Forecasting  

Problems  

References  

Chapter 6 Conveying and Distributing Water  

Hydraulics  

6.1   Introduction to Hydraulics  

6.2   Uniform Flow  

6.3   Gradually Varied Flow and Surface Profiles  

6.4   Velocity  

Water Distribution Systems  

6.5   General Design Considerations  

6.6   Types of Distribution Systems  

6.7   Distribution System Components  

6.8   Distribution System Configutations  

Hydraulic Considerations  

6.8   Hydraulic Design  

Pressure Considerations  

6.9   General Design Sequence  

6.10    Distribution Reservoirs and Service Storage  

Pumping  

6.11    Pumping Head  

6.12    Power  

6.13    Cavitation  

6.14    System Head  

6.15    Pump Characteristics  

6.16    Pump Curves  

Problems  

References  

Chapter 7 Wastewater Collection and Stormwater Engineering  

Design of Sanitary Sewers  

7.1   House and Building Connections  

7.2   Collection Systems  

7.3   Intercepting Sewers  

7.4   Materials  

7.5   System Layout  

7.6   Hydraulic Design  

7.7   Protection Against Floodwaters  

7.8   Wastewater Pump Stations  

7.9   Inflow/Infiltration and Exfiltration  

Stormwater Management  

7.10    Rainfall  

7.11    Runoff  

7.12    Collection and Conveyance  

7.13    Storm Inlets  

7.14    Stable Channel Design  

7.15    Best Management Practices  

7.16    Detention Pond Design  

7.17    Retention Pond Design  

7.18    Sustainability and Low Impact Development  

7.19    Hydrologic and Hydraulic Modeling  

Problems  

References  

Chapter 8 Water Quality

Microbiological Quality  

8.1   Waterborne Diseases  

8.2   Coliform Bacteria as Indicator Organisms  

8.3   Monitoring Drinking Water for Pathogens  

Chemical Quality of Drinking Water  

8.4   Assessment of Chemical Quality  

8.5   Chemical Contaminants  

Quality Criteria for Surface Waters  

8.6   Water Quality Standards  

8.7   Pollution Effects on Aquatic Life  

8.8   Conventional Water Pollutants  

8.9   Toxic Water Pollutants  

Selected Pollution Parameters  

8.10    Total and Suspended Solids

8.11    Biochemical and Chemical Oxygen Demands  

8.12    Coliform Bacteria  

Problems  

References  

Chapter 9 Systems for Treating Wastewater and Water  

Wastewater Treatment Systems  

9.1   Purpose of Wastewater Treatment  

9.2   Selection of Treatment Processes  

Water Treatment Systems  

9.3   Water Sources  

9.4   Selection of Water Treatment Processes  

9.5   Types of Water Treatment Systems   

9.6   Water-Processing Residuals  

Chapter 10 Physical Treatment Processes  

Flow-Measuring Devices  

10.1    Measurement of Water Flow  

10.2    Measurement of Wastewater Flow  

Screening Devices

10.3    Water-Intake Screens

10.4    Screens in Wastewater Treatment  

10.5    Shredding Devices  

Mixing and Flocculation  

10.6    Rapid Mixing  

10.7    Flocculation  

Sedimentation  

10.8    Fundamentals of Sedimentation  

10.9    Types of Clarifiers  

10.10 Sedimentation in Water Treatment

10.11 Sedimentation in Wastewater Treatment  

10.12 Grit Chambers in Wastewater Treatment  

Filtration

10.13 Gravity Granular-Media Filtration  

10.14 Description of a Typical Gravity Filter System  

10.15 Flow Control Through Gravity Filters  

10.16 Head Losses Through Filter Media  

10.17 Backwashing and Media Fluidization  

10.18 Pressure Filters  

10.19 Membrane Filtration

Problems  

References  

Chapter 11 Chemical Treatment Processes  

Chemical Considerations  

11.1    Inorganic Chemicals and Compounds  

11.2    Chemical Equilibria

11.3    Hydrogen Ion Concentration  

11.4    Alkalinity and pH Relationships  

11.5    Ways of Shifting Chemical Equilibria  

11.6    Chemical Kinetics  

Reactions in Continuous-Flow Systems — Real and Ideal Reactors

11.7    Mass Balance Analysis  

11.8    Residence Time Distribution  

11.9    Ideal Reactors  

11.10 Real Reactors

Coagulation  

11.11 Colloidal Dispersions  

11.12 Natural Organic Matter  

11.13 Coagulation Process  

11.14 Coagulants  

Water Softening  

11.15 Chemistry of Lime—Soda Ash Process  

11.16 Process Variations in Lime—Soda Ash Softening  

11.17 Other Methods of Water  Softening  

Iron and Manganese Removal  

11.18 Chemistry of Iron and Manganese

11.19 Preventive Treatment

11.20 Iron and Manganese Removal Processes  

Disinfection and By-Product Formation  

11.21 Chlorine and Chloramines  

11.22 Chlorine Dioxide  

11.23 Ozone  

11.24 Ultraviolet Radiation

11.25 Disinfection By-Products

11.26 Control of Disinfection By-Products  

11.27 Disinfection/Disinfection By-Products Rule  

Disinfection of Potable Water  

11.28 Concept of the  Product  

11.29 Surface Water Disinfection  

11.30 Groundwater Disinfection  

Disinfection of Wastewater  

11.31 Conventional Effluent Disinfection  

11.32 Tertiary Effluent Disinfection  

Taste and Odor  

11.33 Control of Taste and Odor  

Fluoridation  

11.34 Fluoridation  

Corrosion and Corrosion Control  

11.35 Electrochemical Mechanism of Iron Corrosion  

11.36 Corrosion of Lead Pipe and Solder  

11.37 Corrosion of Sewer Pipes  

Membrane Processes  

11.38 Membrane Filtration  

11.39 Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration  

Volatile Organic Chemical Removal

11.40 Design of Air-Stripping Towers  

Synthetic Organic Chemical Removal  

11.41 Activated Carbon Adsorption  

11.42 Granular Activated Carbon Systems  

 Reduction of Dissolved Salts  

11.43 Distillation of Seawater  

11.44 Ion Exchange  

Problems  

References  

Chapter 12 Biological Treatment Processes  

Biological Considerations  

12.1    Bacteria and Fungi  

12.2    Algae  

12.3    Protozoa and Higher Animals  

12.4    Metabolism, Energy, and Synthesis  

12.5    Enzyme Kinetics  

12.6    Growth Kinetics of Pure Bacterial Cultures  

12.7    Biological Growth in Wastewater Treatment  

12.8    Factors Affecting Growth  

12.9    Population Dynamics  

Characteristics of Wastewater  

12.10 Flow and Strength Variations  

12.11 Composition of Wastewater  

Trickling (Biological) Filters  

12.12 Biological Process in Trickling Filtration  

12.13 Trickling-Filter Operation and Filter Media Requirements  

12.14 Trickling-Filter Secondary Systems  

12.15 Efficiency Equations for Stone-Media Trickling Filters  

12.16 Efficiency Equations for Plastic-Media Trickling Filters  

12.17 Combined Trickling-Filter and Activated-Sludge Processes  

12.18 Description of Rotating Biological Contactor Media and Process  

Activated Sludge  

12.19 BOD Loadings and Aeration Periods  

12.20 Operation of Activated-Sludge Processes  

12.21 Activated-Sludge Treatment Systems  

12.22 Kinetics Model of the Activated-Sludge Process  

12.23 Laboratory Determination of Kinetic Constants  

12.24 Application of the Kinetics Model in Process Design  

12.25 Oxygen Transfer and Oxygenation Requirements  

12.26 Determination of Oxygen Transfer Coefficients

Stabilization Ponds  

12.27 Description of a Facultative Pond

12.28 BOD Loadings of Facultative Ponds  

12.29 Advantages and Disadvantages of Stabilization Ponds  

12.30 Completely Mixed Aerated Lagoons

Odor Control  

12.31 Sources of Odors in Wastewater Treatment  

12.32 Methods of Odor Control

Individual On-Site Wastewater Disposal  

12.33 Septic Tank-Absorption Field System  

Marine Wastewater Disposal  

12.34 Ocean Outfalls  

Problems  

References  

Chapter 13 Processing of Sludges  

Sources, Characteristics, and Quantities of Waste Sludges  

13.1    Weight and Volume Relationships

13.2    Characteristics and Quantities of Wastewater Sludges  

13.3    Characteristics and Quantities of Water-Processing Sludges  

Arrangement of Unit Processes in Sludge Disposal  

13.4    Selection of Processes for Wastewater Sludges  

13.5    Selection of Processes for Water Treatment Sludges  

Gravity Thickening  

13.6    Gravity Sludge Thickeners in Wastewater Treatment  

13.7    Gravity Sludge Thickeners in Water Treatment  

Gravity Belt Thickening

13.8    Description of a Gravity Belt Thickener  

13.9    Layout of a Gravity Belt Thickener System  

13.10 Sizing of Gravity Belt Thickeners  

Flotation Thickening

13.11 Description of Dissolved-Air Flotation  

13.12 Design of Dissolved-Air Flotation Units  

Biological Sludge Digestion  

13.13 Anaerobic Sludge Digestion  

13.14 Single-Stage Floating-Cover Digesters  

13.15 High-Rate (Completely Mixed) Digesters  

13.16 Volatile Solids Loadings and Digester Capacity

13.17 Aerobic Sludge Digestion

13.18 Open-Air Drying Beds  

13.19 Composting  

Pressure Filtration

13.20 Description of Belt Filter Press Dewatering  

13.21 Application of Belt Filter Dewatering  

13.22 Sizing of Belt Filter Presses  

13.23 Description of Filter Press Dewatering

13.24 Application of Pressure Filtration  

Centrifugation

13.25 Description of Centrifugation  

13.26 Applications of Centrifugation  

Cycling of Waste Solids in Treatment Plants  

13.27 Suspended-Solids Removal Efficiency  

Final Disposal or Use  

13.28 Land Application  

13.29 Codisposal in a Municipal Solid-Waste Landfill  

13.30 Surface Land Disposal  

Problems  

References  

Appendix  

Index