Ancient Lives: Pearson New International Edition
An Introduction to Archaeology and Prehistory
5e édition
Spécifications
- Éditeur
- Pearson Education
- Édition
- 5
- Auteur
- Brian M. Fagan,
- Langue
- anglais
- BISAC Subject Heading
- SOC002000 SOCIAL SCIENCE / Anthropology
- BIC subject category (UK)
- JHM Anthropology
- Code publique Onix
- 05 Enseignement supérieur
- Date de première publication du titre
- 28 octobre 2013
- Subject Scheme Identifier Code
- Classification thématique Thema: Anthropologie
VitalSource eBook
- Date de publication
- 28 octobre 2013
- ISBN-13
- 9781292052885
- Ampleur
- Nombre de pages de contenu principal : 496
- Code interne
- 1292052880
- Protection technique e-livre
- DRM
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Sommaire
In This Section
1.) Brief Contents
2.) Comprehensive
Brief Contents
Part I Archaeology: Studying Ancient Times
Chapter 1 Introducing Archaeology and Prehistory
Chapter 2 The Record of the Past
Chapter 3 Acquiring the Record
Chapter 4 How Did People Live?
Part II Ancient Interactions
Chapter 5 Individuals and Interactions
Chapter 6 Studying the Intangible
Chapter 7 Explaining the Past
Part III The World of the First Humans
Chapter 8 Human Origins
Chapter 9 African Exodus
Part IV Modern Humans Settle the World
Chapter 10 The Great Diaspora
Part V The First Farmers and Civilizations
Chapter 11 The Earliest Farmers
Chapter 12 The First Civilizations
Chapter 13 Early Asian Civilizations
Part VI Ancient America
Chapter 14 Maize, Pueblos, and Mound Builders
Chapter 15 Mesoamerican Civilizations
Chapter 16 Andean Civilizations
Part VII On Being an Archaeologist
Chapter 17 So You Want to Become an Archaeologist
Comprehensive Contents
Contents
Preface
Author’s Note
About the Author
Part I Archaeology: Studying Ancient Times
SPECIAL FEATURE: CONSERVATION OF SITES AND FINDS
Chapter 1 Introducing Archaeology and Prehistory
How Archaeology Began
The Discovery of Early Civilizations
DISCOVERY: Austen Henry Layard at Nineveh
The Antiquity of Humankind
The Origins of Scientific Archaeology
Archaeology and Prehistory
Prehistory and World Prehistory
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: A Short Guide to Archaeological Diversity
Major Developments in Human Prehistory
Why Are Archaeology and World Prehistory Important?
Mysteries of the Past
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Pseudoarchaeology, or You, Too, Can Be an Armchair Indiana Jones
The Powerful Lure of the Past
Archaeology and Human Diversity
Archaeology as a Political Tool
Archaeology and Economic Development
Garbology
Who Needs the Past?
SITE: Inyan Ceyaka Atonwan, Minnesota
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Chapter 2 The Record of the Past
The Goals of Archaeology
Constructing Culture History
DISCOVERY: The Folsom Bison Kill Site, New Mexico
Reconstructing Ancient Lifeways
SITE: Sounds of the Past
Explaining Cultural Change
The Process of Archaeological Research
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: An Archaeologist’s Ethical Responsibilities
Research Design
Data Acquisition
Analysis
Interpretation
Publication and Curation
What Is Culture?
The Archives of the Past: The Archaeological Record
Preservation Conditions
A Waterlogged Site: Ozette, Washington
A Dry Site: Puruchucho-Huaquerones, Peru
Cold Conditions: Nevado Ampato, Peru
Volcanic Ash: Cerén, El Salvador
DISCOVERY: Tragedy at Cerén, El Salvador
Context
Time and Space
The Law of Association
The Law of Superposition
Summary
Key Terms and
Critical-Thinking Questions
Chapter 3 Acquiring the Record
DISCOVERY: Recording the Behistun Inscription, Iran
How Do You Find Archaeological Sites?
Accidental Discoveries
Deliberate Survey
Settlement Patterns and Settlement Archaeology
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
SITE: Teotihuacán, Mexico
How Do You Dig Up the Past?
The Ethical Responsibilities of the Excavator
Research Design and Problem-Oriented Excavation
Koster
Types of Excavation
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Archaeological Sites
Excavation as Recording
How Old Is It?
Relative Chronology
Chronometric Dating
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Dating the Past
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Chapter 4 How Did People Live?
Technologies of the Ancients
Stone
Bone, Antler, and Ivory
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Classifying Artifact Types
Wood 88
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Lithic Analysis
Clay (Ceramics)
Metals and Metallurgy
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Ceramic Analysis
Basketry and Textiles
SITE: Ancient Wine at Abydos, Egypt
Subsistence: Making a Living
Animal Bones
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Studying Ancient Subsistence
Plant Remains
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Flotation Methods
Fishing and Fowling
Reconstructing Ancient Diet
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Part II Ancient Interactions
SPECIAL FEATURE: MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY SINCE 1798
Chapter 5 Individuals and Interactions
An Individual: Ötzi the Ice Man
Social Ranking
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: The Law Code of Hammurabi of Babylon, 1760 B.C.
SITE: The Sepulcher of the Maya Lord Pacal, Palenque, Mexico
Gender: Men and Women
Grinding Grain at Abu Hureyra, Syria
The Engendered Past 1
Ethnicity and Inequality
Ideologies of Domination
Artifacts, Social Inequality, and Resistance
Trade and Exchange
DISCOVERY: War Casualties at Thebes, Egypt
Types of Exchange and Trade
Sourcing
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Obsidian Sourcing
A Unique Portrait of Ancient Trade: The Uluburun Ship
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Chapter 6 Studying the Intangible
A Framework of Common Belief
DISCOVERY: Shang Oracle Bones, China
Ethnographic Analogy and Rock Art
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Copying South African Rock Paintings
The Archaeology of Death
Artifacts: The Importance of Context
Artifacts and Art Styles
SITE: The Shrine at Phylakopi, Greece
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: The Ancient Maya World through Glyphs
Sacred Places
Astroarchaeology and Stonehenge
Southwestern Astronomy and Chaco Canyon
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Chapter 7 Explaining the Past
Culture History
Constructing Culture History
Synthesis
A Hierarchy of Archaeological Units
Descriptive Models of Cultural Change
Inevitable Variation
Cultural Selection
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: A Hierarchy of Archaeological Entities
Invention
Diffusion
Migration
Analogy
DISCOVERY: A Tale of Two Maya Women: Waka, Guatemala
Archaeology by Observation and Experiment
Ethnoarchaeology
Experimental Archaeology
Explaining Cultural Change
Cultural Systems and Cultural Processes
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Processual Archaeology
People, Not Systems
SITE: Guilá Naquitz Cave, Mexico
Cognitive-Processual Archaeology
The Issue of Complexity
Change and No Change
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Part III The World of the First Humans
SPECIAL FEATURE: THE PRE-MODERN WORLD
Chapter 8 Human Origins
The Great Ice Age (c. 2.5 Million to 15,000 Years Ago)
Early Primate Evolution and Adaptation
The Primate Order
"Coming Down from the Trees"
The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution (7 Million to 1.5 Million Years Ago)
The Earliest Known Hominin: Toumaï, Sahelanthropus tchadensis
What Is Australopithecus?
Ardipithecus ramidus
Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Potassium-Argon Dating
All Kinds of Australopithecines (3 Million to 2.5 Million Years Ago)
Gracile Australopithecines: Australopithecus africanus
Robust Australopithecines: A. aethiopicus, A. boisei, and A. robustus
Australopithecus garhi
Early Homo: Homo habilis (2.5 Million to 2 Million Years Ago)
A Burst of Rapid Change?
Who Was the First Human?
The Earliest Human Technology
Hunters or Scavengers?
SITE: Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
Plant Foraging and Grandmothering
The Earliest Human Mind
The Development of Language
The Earliest Social Organization
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Chapter 9 African Exodus
Ice Age Background
Homo ergaster in Africa
Homo erectus (c. 1.9 Million to c. 200,000 Years Ago)
Radiating out of Africa
Homo erectus in Asia
The Lifeway of Homo erectus
Hand Axes and Choppers
Language
Archaic Homo sapiens (c. 400,000 to 130,000 Years Ago)
Archaic Homo sapiens: Homo heidelbergensis
SITE: A 400,000-Year-Old Hunt at Schöningen, Germany
The Neanderthals (c. 200,000 to 30,000 Years Ago)
The Origins of Modern Humans (c. 180,000 to 150,000 Years Ago)
Continuity or Replacement?
Molecular Biology and Homo sapiens
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: DNA and Prehistory
Ecology and Homo sapiens
Out of Tropical Africa
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Part IV Modern Humans Settle the World
SPECIAL FEATURE: THE SPREAD OF MODERN HUMANS TO 12,000 YEARS AGO
Chapter 10 The Great Diaspora
The Late Ice Age World (50,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Radiocarbon Dating
The Peopling of Southeast Asia and Australia (c. 50,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
Late Ice Age Europe: The Cro-Magnons (45,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
Subsistence
Cro-Magnon Technology
Cro-Magnon Art
Hunter-Gatherers in Eurasia (35,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
DISCOVERY: Grotte de Chauvet, France
East Asia (35,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
Sinodonty and Sundadonty
Early Human Settlement of Siberia (Before 20,000 to 15,000 Years Ago)
The First Americans (Before 15,000 Years Ago to 11,000 B.C.)
Settlement before 30,000 Years Ago?
Settlement after 15,000 Years Ago?
SITE: Monte Verde, Chile
The Clovis People (c. 11,200 to 10,900 B.C.)
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Part V The First Farmers and Civilizations
SPECIAL FEATURE: EARLY FOOD PRODUCTION
Chapter 11 The Earliest Farmers
After the Ice Age
Changes in Hunter-Gatherer Societies
Social Complexity among Hunter-Gatherers
DISCOVERY: Hunter-Gatherers at Modoc Rockshelter, Illinois
Origins of Food Production
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) Radiocarbon Dating
Consequences of Food Production
The First Farmers in Southwestern Asia
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Domesticating Wheat and Barley
Egypt and the Nile Valley
Early Agriculture in Anatolia
SITE: Ritual Buildings in Southeastern Turkey
European Farmers
Early Agriculture in South and East Asia
The Indus Valley
Rice Cultivation in Southern China
SITE: Easton Down and the Avebury Sacred Landscape, England
The First Farmers in Northern China
Navigators and Chiefs in the Pacific (2000 B.C. to Modern Times)
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Chapter 12 The First Civilizations
SPECIAL FEATURE: OLD WORLD CIVILIZATIONS
What Is a State-Organized Society?
Cities
Theories of the Origins of States
The Collapse of Civilizations
Early Civilization in Mesopotamia (5500 to 3100 B.C.)
The First Cities: Uruk
The Sumerians (c. 3100 to 2334 B.C.)
DISCOVERY: The Temple at Eridu, Iraq
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: The Sumerians
Ancient Egyptian Civilization (c. 3100 B.C. to 30 B.C.)
Predynastic Egypt: Ancient Monopoly? (5000 to 3100 B.C.)
Dynastic Egyptian Civilization (c. 3100 to 30 B.C.)
SITE: The Step Pyramid at Saqqara
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Ahmose, Son of Ebana
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Chapter 13 Early Asian Civilizations
South Asia: The Harappan Civilization (c. 2700 to 1700 B.C.)
Mature Harappan Civilization
South Asia after the Harappans (1700 to 180 B.C.)
The Origins of Chinese Civilization (2600 to 1100 B.C.)
Royal Capitals
Royal Burials
Bronze Working
Shang Warriors
The War Lords (1100 to 221 B.C.)
DISCOVERY: The Burial Mound of Emperor Shihuangdi, China
Southeast Asian Civilization (A.D. 1 to 1500)
The Angkor State (A.D. 802 to 1430)
SITE: Angkor Wat, Cambodia
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Part VI Ancient America
SPECIAL FEATURE: NATIVE AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS
Chapter 14 Maize, Pueblos, and Mound Builders
North America after First Settlement
SITE: The Olsen-Chubbock Bison Kill, Colorado
The Story of Maize
Mesoamerica: Guilá Naquitz and Early Cultivation
The Earliest Maize
Andean Farmers
The North American Southwest (300 B.C. to Modern Times)
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Dendrochronology (Tree-Ring Dating)
Hohokam, Mogollon, and Ancestral Pueblo
Mound Builders in Eastern North America (2000 B.C. to A.D. 1650)
Adena and Hopewell
The Mississippian Tradition
SITE: Moundville, Alabama
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Chapter 15 Mesoamerican Civilizations
The Olmec (1500 to 500 B.C.)
Ancient Maya Civilization (Before 1000 B.C. to A.D. 1519)
Beginnings (Before 1000 to 300 B.C.)
Kingship
Classic Maya Civilization (A.D. 300 to 900)
The Classic Maya Collapse
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: The Hieroglyphic Stairway at Copán
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Studying the Maya Collapse at Copán
The Rise of Highland Civilization (1500 to 200 B.C.)
Teotihuacán (200 B.C. to A.D. 750)
DOING ARCHAEOLOGY: Life in Teotihuacán’s Barrios
The Toltecs (650 to 1200)
Aztec Civilization (1200 to 1521)
Tenochtitlán
SITE: The Great Temple at Tenochtitlán
The World of the Fifth Sun
The Aztec State
The Spanish Conquest
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Chapter 16 Andean Civilizations
The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization
Coastal Foundations (2500 to 900 B.C.)
Caral
El Paraíso and Huaca Florida
The Early Horizon and Chavín de Huántar (900 to 200 B.C.)
The Initial Period
Irrigation Agriculture Inland (After 1800 B.C.)
The Lake Titicaca Basin: Chiripa and Pukara (1000 B.C. to A.D. 100)
The Moche State (200 B.C. to A.D. 700)
DISCOVERY: The Lords of Sipán, Peru
The Middle Horizon: Tiwanaku and Wari (600 to 1000) 423
Tiwanaku
Wari
The Late Intermediate Period: Sicán and Chimu (700 to 1460)
The Late Horizon: The Inka State (1476 to 1534)
SITE: Cuzco, the Imperial Inka Capital
The Spanish Conquest (1532 to 1534)
Summary
Key Terms and Sites
Critical-Thinking Questions
Part VII On Being an Archaeologist
Chapter 17 So You Want to Become an Archaeologist
Archaeology as a Profession
Deciding to Become an Archaeologist
Gaining Fieldwork Experience
Career Opportunities
Academic Qualifications and Graduate School
Thoughts on Not Becoming a Professional Archaeologist
Our Responsibilities to the Past
A Simple Code of Archaeological Ethics for All
Summary
Key Term
Critical-Thinking Questions
Glossary
References
Credits
Index