Cognition: Pearson New International Edition

VitalSource eBook

Date de publication

01 novembre 2013

ISBN-13

9781292034706

Ampleur

Nombre de pages de contenu principal : 600

Code interne

129203470X

Protection technique e-livre

DRM

Google Livres Aperçu

Sommaire

1. Cognitive Psychology : An Introduction

Thinking About Thinking

Memory and Cognition Defined

An Introductory History of Cognitive Psychology

 Anticipations of Psychology

 Early Psychology

 Behaviorism and Neobehaviorism

 Dissatifaction with Behaviorism: The Winds of Change

Cognitive Psychology and Information Processing

 The New Direction

  The Assumptions of Cognitive Psychology

2. The Cognitive Science Approach

 Guiding Principles

 Themes

Measuring Information Processes

 Getting Started

 Time and Accuracy Measures

 Guiding Analogies

The Information-Processing Approach

 The Standard Theory

 A Process Model

 The Strict Information Processing Approach

 Some Difficulties

The Modern Cognitive Approach: Cognitive Science

 Updating the Standard Theory

 Fixing the Narrowness

Neurocognition: The Brain and Cognition Together

 Basic Neurology

 Brain Anatomy

 Principles of Functioning

 Split Brain Research and Lateralization

 Methods of Investigation

Neural Net Models: Connectionism

3. Perception and Pattern Recognition

Visual Perception

 Gathering Visual Information

 Visual Sensory Memory

 The Early parts of a Fixation

  A Summary for Visual Sensory Memory

Trans-saccadic Memory

Pattern Recognition: Written Language

Gestalt Grouping Principles

The Template Approach

Visual Feature Detection

Beyond Features: Conceptually Driven Pattern Recognition

Connectionist Modeling

Object Recognition and Agnosia

 Recognition by Components

 Agnosia

 Implications for Cognitive Science

Auditory Perception

 Auditory Sensory Memory

 Auditory Pattern Recognition

4. Attention

 Multiple Meaning of Attention

 Basics of Attention

Basic Input Attentional Processes

 Alertness and Arousal

 Orienting Response and Attention Capture

 Spotlight Attention and Visual Search

 Contrasting Input and Controlled Attention

Hemineglect: An Attention Deficit

Controlled, Voluntary Attention

 Selective Attention and the Cocktail Party Effect

 Selection Models

Attention as a Mental Resource

 Automatic and Conscious Processing Theories

 A Synthesis for Attention and Automaticity

 Disadvantages of Automaticity

5. Short-Term Working Memory

Short-Term Memory: A Limited Capacity Bottleneck

The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two

Forgetting from Short-Term Memory

Short-Term Memory Retrieval

Serial Position Effects

Short-Term Memory Scanning: The Sternberg Task

Working Memory

The Components of Working Memory

The Central Executive

The Phonological Loop

The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad

The Episodic Buffer

Assessing Working Memory

The Dual Task Method

Working Memory Span

The Role of Working Memory in Cognition

Working Memory and Attention

Working Memory and Long-Term Memory

Working Memory and Reasoning

Sometimes Small Working Memory Spans are Better

6. Learning and Remembering

Preliminary Issues

 Mnemonic Devices

 The Ebbinghaus Tradition of Memory Research

 Metamemory

Storing Information in Episodic Memory

 Rehearsal

 Frequency of Rehearsal

 Two Kinds of Rehearsal

 Depth of Processing

 Challenges to Depth of Processing

 Generation and Enactment

Organization in Storage

Imagery

Emotion and Survival Value

Context and Encoding Specificity

Retrieving Episodic Information

 Decay

 Interference

 Retrieval Failure

 Retrieval Cues

Amnesia and Implicit Memory

 Dissociation of Episodic and Semantic Memory

 Anterograde Amnesia

 Implicit and Explicit Memory

7. Knowing

Semantic Memory

 The Collins and Quillian ( and Loftus) Model

 Smith's Feature Comparison Model

 Empirical Tests of Semantic Memory Models

 Semantic Relatedness

Priming in Semantic Memory

 Nuts and Bolts of Priming Tasks

 Empirical Demonstrations of Priming

 Priming in Other Tasks

 Automatic and Controlled Priming

Priming Is an Implicit Process

Schemata and Scripts

Bartlett’s Research

Schemata

Scripts

Evidence of Scripts

<  Context, Connectionism, and the Brain

Connectionism

Connectionism and the Brain

8. Using Knowledge in the Real World

 The Seven Sins of Memory

Facts About the World

The Nature of Propositions

Rules for Deriving Propositions

Are Propositions Real?

Situation Models and Embodied Cognition

Levels of Representation

Remembering Facts

Metamemory

Source Monitoring

Prospective Memory

Knowing What You Know

False Memories, Eyewitness Memory. and "Forgotten Memories"

 False Memories

 Integration

 Leading Questions and Memory Distortion

 The Misinformation Effect

 Source Misattribution and Misinformation Acceptance

 Stronger Memory Distortion Effects

 Repressed and Recovered Memories

Autobiographical Memories

 The Bahrick Work

 Phenomena of Autobiographical Memory

 The Irony of Memory

9. Language

Linguistic Universals and Functions

 Defining Language

Language Universals

 Animal Communication

 Levels of Analysis, a Critical Distinction, and the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Phonology: The Sounds of Language

 Sounds in Isolation

 Combining Phonemes into Words

Embodiment in Speech Perception

 Speech Perception and Context

 A Final Puzzle

Syntax: The Ordering of Words and Phrases

 Chomsky's Transformational Grammar

 Limitations of the Transformational Grammar Approach

 The Cognitive Role of Syntax

Lexical and Semantic Factors: The Meaning in Language

 Morphemes

 The Lexical Representation

 Case Grammar

 Interaction of Syntax and Semantics

 Evidence for the Semantic Grammar Approaches

Brain and Language

Language in the Intact Brain

 Aphasia

 Generalizing from Aphasia

10. Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language

Getting Started: An Overview

 Conceptual and Rule Knowledge

 Traditional Comprehension Research

 Online Comprehension Tasks

 Metacomprehension

 Comprehension as Mental Structure Building

 Levels of Comprehension

 Reading

 Gaze Duration

 Basic Online Reading Effects

 A Model of Reading

 Summary

Reference, Situation Models, and Events

Reference

Situation Models

Events

  Conversation and Gesture

 The Structure of Conversations

 Cognitive Conversational Characteristics

 Empirical Effects in Conversation

 Gesture

11. Problem Solving

 The Status of Problem-Solving Area

Gestalt Psychology and Problem Solving

 Early Gestalt Research

 Difficulties in Problem Solving

Insight and Analogy

 Insight

 Analogy

 Neurocognition in Analogy and Insight

Basics of Problem Solving

 Characteristics of Problem Solving

 A Vocabulary of Problem Solving

Means-End Analysis: A Fundamental Heuristic

 The Basics of Means-End Analysis

 The Tower of Hanoi

 General Problem Solver

Improving Your Problem Solving

 Increase Your Domain Knowledge

 Automate Some Components of the Problem-Solving Solution

 Follow a Systematic Plan

 Draw Inferences

 Develop Subgoals

 Work Backward

 Search for Contradictions

 Search for Relations Among Problems

 Find  a Different Problem Representation

Stay Calm

 If All Else Fails, Try Practice

12. Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning

Formal Logic and Reasoning

 Syllogisms

 Conditional Reasoning: If P Then Q

 Hypothesis Testing

Decisions

 Decisions About Physical Differences

 Decisions About Symbolic Differences

 Decisions About Geographic Distances

Decisions and Reasoning Under Uncertainty

 Algorithms and Heuristics

 Heuristics, Biases, and Fallacies

 The Representativeness Heuristic

 The Availability Heuristics

 The Simulation Heuristics

 The Undoing Heuristics: Counterfactual Reasoning

 Adaptive Thinking and " Fast, Frugal" Heuristics

 The Ongoing Debate

Limitations in Reasoning

 Limited Domain Knowledge

 Limitations in Processing Resources

Appendix: Algorithms for Coin Tosses and Hospital Births

Coin Tosses

Hospital Births 

References

Photo Credits

Name Index

Subjet Index